Os números de povos e línguas indígenas no Brasil tiveram um salto expressivo na última década, conforme dados do Censo Demográfico 2022 divulgados nesta sexta-feira (24) pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).
Segundo o levantamento, o país agora é habitado por 391 etnias indígenas, um acréscimo de 86 em relação às 305 registradas em 2010. Já o número de línguas indígenas subiu de 274 para 295.
O aumento reflete mudanças significativas na metodologia do Censo, com a inclusão de novos etnônimos — nomes pelos quais as próprias comunidades se reconhecem — e a desagregação de grupos indígenas que antes eram registrados de maneira agrupada.
Foram captados 75 novos etnônimos e oito etnias foram identificadas a partir da desagregação dos agrupamentos anteriores.
Para Marta Antunes, gerente de Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais do IBGE, o dado também demonstra um maior sentimento de autoafirmação étnica nas comunidades indígenas brasileiras.
Números da população indígena
O Brasil conta atualmente com cerca de 1,7 milhão de indígenas, sendo que 1,2 milhão declararam suas etnias no Censo 2022, o que representa um aumento de 88,82% desde 2010. Essa população indígena está disseminada por 4.833 municípios brasileiros .
Principais etnias e distribuição regional
As etnias indígenas com maior número de integrantes são:
-Tikúna (74.061 pessoas)
-Kokama (64.327)Makuxí (53.446)
-Guarani Kaiowá (50.034)
-Kaingang (45.840)
-Terena (44.667)
-Pataxó (39.276)
-Guajajara (38.244)
-Potiguara (37.292)
-Múra (36.347)
Os estados com maior diversidade étnica são São Paulo (271 etnias), Amazonas (259), Bahia (233), Pará (222), Goiás (211), Minas Gerais (208) e Rio de Janeiro (207).
Quantidade de etnias por estado:
- São Paulo: 271
- Amazonas: 259
- Bahia: 233
- Pará: 222
- Goiás: 211
- Minas Gerais: 208
- Rio de Janeiro: 207
- Mato Grosso: 195
- Rondônia: 180
- Distrito Federal: 167
- Paraná: 161
- Pernambuco: 148
- Santa Catarina: 147
- Mato Grosso do Sul: 139
- Rio Grande do Sul: 127
- Maranhão: 122
- Roraima: 117
- Tocantins: 109
- Espírito Santo: 107
- Paraíba: 95
- Ceará: 93
- Rio Grande do Norte: 88
- Alagoas: 86
- Sergipe: 85
- Piauí: 81
- Acre: 80
- Amapá: 52
Línguas indígenas
O número de línguas indígenas subiu para 295, com 21 línguas registradas pela primeira vez no país, e várias línguas previamente agrupadas foram separadas em diferentes categorias.
Entre as línguas mais faladas estão:
-Tikúna (51.978 falantes)
-Guarani Kaiowá (38.658 falantes)
-Guajajara (29.212 falantes)
Novas línguas declaradas, pela primeira vez, incluem Akawai, Akroá Gamela, Akuriyó, Creole do Amapá, Língua de Sinais Kiriri, entre outras.
Os dados também mostram que mais da metade da população indígena (60%) vivem em áreas urbanas, confirmando um processo de urbanização dos povos originários. Apesar do crescimento na identificação, muitos enfrentam problemas socioeconômicos, condições de saúde precárias e dificuldades no acesso a serviços básicos.
O aumento no número de etnias e línguas indígenas reconhecidas tem impacto direto em políticas públicas voltadas à preservação cultural, aos direitos territoriais e à inclusão social. O Censo 2022 reforça a diversidade cultural e étnica do Brasil, evidenciando a importância de reconhecer e proteger os povos indígenas em sua multiplicidade.
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